Export Control Law of the People's Republic of China

要点解读 Key Points

中文导读

《中华人民共和国出口管制法》2020年10月17日通过，2020年12月1日起施行，统一规范两用物项、军品、核等管制物项的出口许可、最终用户管理和法律责任，具有域外适用效力。

• 管制范围（第2条）：两用物项、军品、核以及其他维护国家安全和利益、履行防扩散等国际义务的货物、技术、服务（含相关技术资料和数据）；中国公民、法人、非法人组织向外国组织和个人提供管制物项也属出口管制（视同出口）。
• 出口许可与全面管制（第4、12条）：实行出口许可制度；清单外物项如出口商知道、应当知道或被告知存在危害国家安全、用于大规模杀伤性武器或恐怖主义风险的，也须申请许可。
• 临时管制（第9条）：对清单外货物、技术、服务可经批准实施临时管制，期限不超过2年。
• 最终用户管理（第15—18条）：出口商须提交最终用户和最终用途证明；最终用户未经批准不得改变最终用途或向第三方转让；对违规的进口商和最终用户列入管制名单，限制或禁止交易。
• 军品出口专营（第23条）：军品出口实行专营制度，须经资格认定并在核定经营范围内经营。
• 中介服务责任（第20、36条）：明知出口商违法仍提供代理、货运、报关、电商平台、金融等服务的，承担法律责任。
• 域外适用与反制（第44、48条）：境外组织、个人违反本法危害中国国家安全和利益或妨碍履行防扩散等国际义务的，依法追究法律责任；滥用出口管制措施危害中国的国家或地区，中国可采取反制措施。
• 法律责任（第33—39条）：无证出口等行为按违法经营额5—10倍罚款（无违法经营额或不足50万元的，处50万—500万元）；5年内可不受理其许可申请；构成犯罪的追究刑事责任。

English Key Points

The Export Control Law, adopted October 17, 2020 and effective December 1, 2020, unifies licensing, end-user controls and liabilities for dual-use items, military products, nuclear and related items, with extraterritorial reach.

• Scope and deemed exports (Art. 2): dual-use items, military products, nuclear and related goods, technologies and services (including technical data); provision by Chinese persons to foreign organizations/individuals counts as export control.
• Licensing and catch-all (Arts. 4, 12): licensing system; even off-list items need a license where the exporter knows, should know, or is notified of national-security, WMD or terrorism risks.
• Temporary control (Art. 9): off-list goods, technologies or services may face temporary control of up to 2 years.
• End-user controls (Arts. 15–18): end-user/end-use certificates required; no change of end use or re-transfer without approval; violators placed on a restricted namelist barring transactions.
• Military monopoly (Art. 23): military-product exports under a franchise system with accreditation and defined scope.
• Service-provider liability (Arts. 20, 36): knowingly providing agency, freight, customs, platform or financial services for violations triggers liability.
• Extraterritorial reach and countermeasures (Arts. 44, 48): foreign persons whose violations endanger China's security face liability; China may counter countries abusing export controls.
• Penalties (Arts. 33–39): 5–10x illegal turnover (or RMB 500K–5M); 5-year licensing freeze; criminal liability where constituted.

本页面解读基于公开文本整理，仅供参考，不构成法律意见。具体案件请咨询执业律师。
This summary is based on the published text and is for reference only; it does not constitute legal advice. Consult a licensed attorney for your specific case.